2008

                                        





 GEOGRAPHY
NECTA 2008 FORM 4
(For Both School and Private Candidates)

TIME: 3 Hours           ​
Instructions

1.This paper consists of sections A, B, C and D.

2.Answer ​all​ questions in sections A, B and C and ​one (1)​ question from each part of section D.

3.Map extract of Korogwe is provided.

4.Credit will be given for the use of relevant sketch maps and diagrams.

5.Electronic calculators are ​not​ allowed in the examination room.

6.Cellular phones are ​not​ allowed in the examination room.

7.Write your ​Examination Number​ on every pageof your answer booklet(s)


SECTION A (25 Marks)
Answer ​all​ questions in this section.
PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY

1.For each of the items (i) - (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives andwrite its letter beside the item number. 

(i)The choice of suitable site and location for a weather station includes

     A     permanent place for recording the data 

     B     more vegetation and relief 

     C     rain gauge, thermometer and barometer 

     D     fairly level ground and open space 

     E     flatland and thermometer. 

(ii)Testing of nuclear, dynamite and mining explosions are greatly associated to __________
forces.

     A     endogenic 

     B     exogenic

     C     artificial 

     D     explosive 

     E     endogenetic 

(iii)Geography is a multi-disciplinary subject because it

     A     is very much related to Geology 

     B     cuts across other disciplines 

     C     is a tool of understanding the universe 

     D     involves studies of physical and human activities only 

     E     deals with physical environment only. 

(iv)The earth’s interior is inaccessible and very hot, the knowledge about it is through

     A     bore hole drillings 

     B     evidence of earthquake waves 

     C     the study of crust, mantle and core 

     D     continental and oceanic movements 

     E     oceanic floor and the core. 

(v)If Morogoro town has a temperature of 25°C, what will this temperature be in fahrenheit?

     A     77°F 

     B     32°F. 

     C     41°F 

     D     212°F 

     E     97°F 

 (vi)Tilting of the electricity poles and fences on slopes are works of

     A     weathering 

     B     denudation 

     C     steepness of slope 

     D     mass wasting 

     E     deposition. 

(vii)………. soil is heavy, has minute air spaces, holds much water, is difficulty to cultivate, dries up and forms a hard surface.

     A     Loam

     B     Clay 

     C     Silt 

     D     Sand 

     E     Volcanic 

(viii)The best major feature of the ocean floor for fishing activities is

     A     continental shelf 

     B     oceanic plain 

     C     oceanic deep 

     D     continental slope 

     E     oceanic island. 

(ix)Decline of food production and increase in droughts, floods and shortages of hydro-electric power supply are attributed to

     A     social and economic development 

     B     problems of climatic changes 

     C     impact of reduction of erosion 

     D     development of science and technology

     E     diseases and pests control. 

(x)Which of the following show the natural vegetation found in Tanzania?

     A     Coniferous, Mediterranean and mountains 

     B     Forest, tropical grasslands and thickets 

     C     Temperate, tropical and deciduous grasslands 

     D     Savannah, equatorial grassland and tundra 

     E     Tundra, maritime and grassland 


2.Match the items in ​List A​ with the responses in ​List B​ by writing the letter of the correct
response besides the item number.

List A
List B
(i)Wind which blows more frequently in a
particular region.

(ii)The amount of water vapour in the
atmosphere.

(iii)There is a decrease of temperature by
0.6°C per 100 m.

(iv)Lines drawn having the same amount of
clouds.

(v)A collection of small droplets of water.
A.Trade winds.

B.Dew.

C.When one ascends the mountain.

D.Relative humidity.

E.Prevailing winds.

F.Isohel.

G.Humidity.

H.When one descends the mountain.

I.Hail.

J.Isoneph.





3.(a)Define soil profile using the knowledge you have studied on soil.

   (b)With the aid of a labelled diagram, illustrate soil profile. 

   (c)Explain ​four (4)​ factors that influence the development of soil profile





SECTION B (27 Marks)

Answer ​all ​questions this section.

APPLICATION OF STATISTICS, INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH AND
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING


4.Read carefully the hypothetical data presented below and then answer the questions that follow

Cash crops production in Tanzania in ‘000 tonnes 


YEARS
     Types of Cash Crop
Coffee
Cotton
Tea
1990
200
100
300

1991
150
130
200

1992
120
100
100




  (a)Represent data bove using a compound bar graph. 

  (b)How is the compound bar graph of value to you? Give ​three (3)​ points. 

  (c)Comment on the trend of production as observed from the graph. 


5.In 2007, form four students from Kibaigwa secondary school conducted a research about roadaccidents between Morogoro and Dodoma. Finally they submitted the report to the head of school. 

  (a)What were the main ​three (3) ​objectives of the research? 

  (b)Propose ​three (3)​ methods which might be used to collect data. 

  (c)Explain ​three (3)​ problems that possibly faced them when collecting the data. 


6.(a)What is the meaning of survey to a geographer?

   (b)Differentiate chain survey from levelling using the knowledge you have acquired from 
survey.

   (c)Explain ​four (4)​ ways in which chain survey is significant in the day to day life of a human being. 


SECTION C (28 Marks)

Answer ​all​ questions in this section.

MAP READING AND PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION


7.Study the map extract of Korogwe sheet 129/2 and answer the following questions:

  (a)A taxi driver was moving from grid reference 340328 to a filling station at grid reference 
421305. Find the distance covered in kilometres.

  (b)Convert the linear scale given from the map into statement scale. 

  (c)Show the relief features to guide the tourists visiting the mapped area. 

  (d)With evidence, suggest ​four (4)​ economic activities of the people living in the area 
represented by the given map.

  (e)Give ​three (3)​ reasons which have encouraged people to establish the settlement. 

  (f)Identify the main features found at grid references shown below. 

    (i)420227 

    (ii)350367 

    (iii)426304 

    (iv)384295 

8.Carefully study the photograph provided and then answer the questions that follow. 





 (a)Identify the type of photograph shown. 

 (b)Name ​three (3)​ features found on the photograph. 

 (c)How are the features named in 8(b) above formed? 

 (d)What are the economic importances of the features found on the photograph? 



SECTION D (20 Marks)

Answer ​one (1)​ question from each part.

PART 1: ​REGIONAL FOCAL STUDIES

9.Forest is among natural resources Tanzania has been naturally gifted. Explain ​eight (8)​ values offorest resources to the Tanzanian community. 


10.Mining is an important sector in the Tanzanian economy. Some people in this sector are practicing small scale mining. Write ​five (5)​ effective measures to be taken to minimize the problems of small scale mining in Tanzania. 


PART II:​ ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT


11.(a)Using your knowledge of population studies, provide the meaning of urban growth. 

     (b)Outline ​eight (8)​ social and economic problems that result from urban growth. 


12  .“The living environment in Tanzania is suffering at the expense of man’s activities.” With the support of ​eight (8) ​points, prove this statement.  




ANSWER (GEOGRAPHY NECTA  2008)

1.
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
D
C
B
C
A
D
B
B
B
A


  SOLUTION (QUESTION 1 (v) )
             °F= 9°C/5.  +32
                  Where by °C =25°C
                   So  9/5 ×25 +32
                           =9×5+32
                           =45+32
                           =77°F
  Therefore Fahrenheit = 77°F 



2.
i
ii
iii
iv
v
E
G
C
J
B



3.(a) Soil profile is the entire section of the soil body from the top to the bottom with different horizons.

  (b).  SOIL PROFILE DIAGRAM




(c).  Four factors that influence the development of soil profile are

      ( i).  Nature of parent rocks

      (ii).  Climate

      (iii).  Relief( topography)

      (iv).  Organism.


4.(a).    COMPOUND BAR GRAPH SHOW CASH CROPS PRODUCTION IN TANZANIA IN 000 TONNES

YEARS
Types of Cash Crop

Coffee
Cotton
Tea

TOTAL
1990
200
100
300
600
1991
150
130
200
480
1992
120
100
100
320





(b) Three (3)  Value of compound bar graph are
      (i)   It is easy to read and interpret as the totals are clearly shown.
      (ii)  It gives a clear visual impression of the total values.
      (iii) It clearly shows the rise and fall in the grand total values.


(c) The trend of production as observed from the graph
The graph show the trend of production as follow

On the production of Cotton

In the year of 1990, the production of coffee was 200000 tonnes greater than production of coffee in 1991; the production was 150000 tonnes then continue decreased to 120000 tonnes in the year of 1992.

On the production of Cotton

In the year of 1990, the production of cotton  was 100000 tonnes less than production of cotton in 1991; the production was 130000 tonnes then decreased to 100000 tonnes in the year of 1992.

On the production of Tea

In the year of 1990, the production of Tea  was 300000 tonnes greater than production of Tea in 1991; the production was 200000 tonnes then decreased to 100000 tonnes in the year of 1992.


5(a). The main three(3) objectives of the research are

      (i). To increase and improve the measures of effectiveness of road safety Education,

      (ii). To eliminate number of road accident.

      (iii). To strengthen the management of road transport safety.
   
  (b)  Three methods might be used in collecting data are

      (i).   Questionnaire

      (ii).  Interviews and

      (iii)  observation

   (c). Three problems that possibly faced students when collecting data

       (i).  Shortage of resources 

       (ii) irrelevant data collection

       (iii) insufficient of funds


6.(a). Survey defined as the science of measuring and recording distances, angles and heights on the earth's surface to obtain data from which accurate  plans and maps are made.

   (b). Different between chain survey and leveling

         Chain Survey is the method of surveying in which no angle are measured but  only linear measurement is taken in the field by using chain or tape measure. 

                                WHILE

         Leveling is the procedure where only height of a points on the earth's surface are determined.
    (c). Four(4) ways in which chain survey is significant in day to day life of a human being

        (i).  Plane table survey

         Plane table survey is the method of survey where position of objects are fixed by the use of plane table. Using plane table survey, a complete map can be produced during the survey in the field. In this case this method is considered to be an accurate and rapid way of positioning of distant objects.
     
        (ii). Chain or tape survey

         Chain Survey is the method of surveying in which no angle are measured but  only linear measurement is taken in the field by using chain or tape measure.  It measures the series of straight line on the ground using chain or tape measure and all fixed points relative to the line of traverse either by right angle (offsets). Instruments used in chain survey are chain, tape, ranging pole, arrows, pegs, surveyor's band, cross staff and a hand pencil
      
        (iii).  Prismatic compass survey.

         Prismatic compass survey is one that is used in land surveying l. It is also one of the easiest of survey technique . the compass can be used for measuring the angles in a traverse used for navigation purpose. As compasses have relatively poor direction accuracy, they are typically used for reconnaissance survey.

         (iv).  The technique of levelling

         Levelling is the procedure where only height of a points on the earth's surface are determined.


7.(a). To measure the distance of the  tax using a sheet of paper.

          By using a piece of paper the map distance of tax is 21.8cm.

                  Scale on map = 1:50000
            Change. 1:50000 into into kilometers.

            1km  = 100000cm
            X       = 50000cm
     100000x = 50000x1
                  x = 50000/100000
                  x =1/2 km (one a half)

So.   1Cm = 1/2 km
          21.8= X
          X=21.8x 1/2
         X= 10.9  km
  Therefore distance of the tax  is 10.9 km
       
 (b)  converted the linear scale given from the map into statement scale is
                     2 centimeters represent 1 kilometer.

 (c).  The relief features to guide the tourists visiting the mapped area are

       (i).  Hills example lukoka hill and

       (ii). Depression due to presence of contour line show depression 

 (d).  Four (4) economic activities of the people on the map.

        (i)    Industrial activities due to the presence of factory on a map.

        (ii).  Fishing activities due to the presence of dam and swamp example Pangani or Ruvu on a map

        (iii). Transportation activities due to the presence of road and railways light on a map

        (iv).  Agriculture activities due to the presence of scattered cultivation on map.
     
 (e). The following are the  ​three (3)​ reasons which have encouraged people to establish the settlement. 

        (i).   Availability of  dam, swamps 

Dam and swamps are important because they provide water for domestic, industry and irrigation purposes. Dams often also provide hydroelectric power production and river navigation. Domestic use includes everyday activities such as water for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, and lawn and garden watering. Dams and their reservoirs provide recreation areas for fishing and boating.
         
        (ii).   Availability of Hill

                Hills have an extremely important role in influencing global and regional climates and weather conditions.

        (iii).   Availability of social services example hospital, school, Church, transport system.
                  Social services refers to activities to improve the quality of life of the disadvantaged section of the society. It aims at elevating the living condition of the poor, disabled, elderly, children, women, and depressed section of the society.  

 (f)    The following are the main features found at grid references  

        (i).     420227  show Dam 

        (ii).     350367  show hill or mountain 

       (iii).     426304. Show factory

       ( iv).    384295.  Show bridge 


8.(a). The types of photograph shown is Ground level photograph.

   
(b).  Three features found on photograph are

        (i). Arch

        (ii). Stack and

       (iii). Cave.
  (c) Arch, cave and stack are erosional features by waves and they are formed on some coasts as the cliff lines are eroded backward.

  (d). The following are economic importance of the features found on the photograph.

        (i). Arch, cave and stack attract tourists.

        (ii). Caves Contain different minerals example.  A total of 175 different minerals occur in limestone caves, Most mineral deposits in caves are made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). 

       (iii). Arch, Cave and stack are source of foreign currency in a given area.

9.  Natural resources refer to the materials or substances such as minerals , forests, water and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.

     Forest is a large area dominated by trees.

     The following are the eight (8) values of forest resources to the Tanzanian community

        (i).  Forest provide valuable timber for construction work and furniture making process.

        (ii).  Forest woods are used for firewood, charcoal and building materials.

        (iii).  Forests help in the modification of environmental conditions such as temperatures and moisture content of the atmosphere and soils.

        (iv).  Some tree species such as the African blackwood or ebony( mpingo) and brachystegia is very much favored for its uses in making curved ornaments

        (v).   Forests are important for making herbs and traditional medicines among some tribes for examples the barks of the baobab tree and the mahogany .

        (vi).   Forests protect soils from erosion.

        (vii).  Forests providing employment for the people

        (viii).  Forests helped the development of the industrial sectors by facilitating the establishment of wood based industries.



10. Mining is defined as extracting metals and minerals from the Earth. Example of the minerals extracted from the earth are gold, Tanzanite, copper etc.
        
       Small scale mining refer to the mining practiced by individuals, groups or communities often informally (illegal ) and in developing nations. It is sector has not been adopted as its legal status.
      
       The following  are five (5) effective measures to be taken to minimize the problems of small scale mining in Tanzania. 
        
          (i) Small scale miners should be given loan as capital to be invested in large scale mining

          (ii). Small scale miners should be given education so that they acquire technology easily.

          (iii).  Infrastructures in the mining should be improved example transport and communication should be improved in small scale mining.

          (iv).  Condition of small scale miner should be improved.

          (v).   Small scale miners should be encouraged to use modern mining technique.


11.(a). Urban growth is defined as the rate at which the population of an urban area increases. This result from urbanization which is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

     (b).  Urban growth is defined as the rate at which the population of an urban area increases. This result from urbanization which is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.                     

      The following are the eight social and economic problems that result from urban growth.
        
                            SOCIAL PROBLEMS
       (i).   Pressure on land 

       (ii).  Over population

       (iii).  Spread of disease eg. HIV

       (iv).  Pressure on resources available

       (v).   Pollution

       (vi).  Insufficient social services

                             ECONOMICS PROBLEMS

       (vii).    Unemployment 

       (viii).   Dependency ratio increase


12.    Environment refers to all external conditions surrounding an organisms and which have influence over its behavior and activities.

         Man's activities refers to the something people do or cause to happen. Example of man's activities are mining activities, fishing activities, agriculture activities, industrial activities etc. 

             The following are the eight (8) evidence  to prove that "The living environment in Tanzania is suffering at the expense of man's activities.

           (i).  Air pollution 

           (ii).  Global warming 

           (iii).  Soil erosion

           (iv)   ozone layer depletion.

           (v).   Climatic change

           (vi).  Water pollution

           (vii).   Deforestation


           (viii).  Acidic rain
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